Avoiding pneumonia when the temperatures drop

With the recent drop in temperatures and consistent rain across Ireland, farmers are faced with additional challenges caused by bad weather, especially when it comes to the health of their sheep and cattle. Pneumonia is one of those key challenges in Irish agriculture that farmers need to be vigilant during our current climate conditions.

One of the most significant issues currently facing farmers is Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), also known as pneumonia, usually occurs in young calves and lambs.

Pneumonia causes inflammation of the lung tissue and airways, damage can be irreversible in severe cases and is the most common reason for death and poor performance in young cattle and lambs.

Pneumonia in livestock

Pneumonia in sheep and cattle is often caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, and environmental stressors. With the recent shift from mild to freezing weather conditions, these factors can exacerbate the risk of pneumonia. Exposure to cold and damp conditions weakens the animals’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections. Understanding the various causes of pneumonia in animals is essential for implementing effective prevention and control measures. Good husbandry practices, proper ventilation, vaccination programs, and minimising stressors can help reduce the risk of pneumonia and promote the overall health and welfare of livestock.

Symptoms of pneumonia

• Coughing & laboured breathing
• Nasal discharge
• Decreased appetite
• Lethargy
• Fever

Impacts of pneumonia

Pneumonia can have a significant impact on the health of your livestock and the overall profitability of your farm business. For instance animals affected by pneumonia will have a reduction in Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG), taking more time and feed to finish. Animals suffering with or who have suffered from pneumonia will also have a weaker immune system, making them more susceptible to contracting further illnesses and disease.

Reducing pneumonia risk

Preventing pneumonia is far more effective than treating it once it takes hold of an animal. Here are some strategies to minimise the risk:

Good animal husbandry – Ensure your livestock have access to clean water, dry bedding, and adequate shelter, especially during periods of inclement weather.

Proper Ventilation – Maintain well-ventilated housing to reduce the build up of moisture and pathogens. In cattle sheds you can use smoke bombs to identify if the ventilation in your sheds needs improving.

Vaccination – Work with your vet to establish a vaccination schedule tailored to your herd or flock’s specific needs.

Nutritional Support – Provide a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals to support the animals’ immune systems.

Treatment

Despite your best efforts, pneumonia can still occur. Prompt treatment is essential to minimise the impact on the affected animals. Treatment options include:

Antibiotics –  Your vet may prescribe antibiotics to target bacterial infections.

Anti-Inflammatories – Medications to reduce inflammation can help ease respiratory distress.

Supportive Care – Provide supportive care such as warm, dry bedding, and ensure the animal continues to receive proper nutrition and hydration.

Isolation – Separate sick animals from the rest of the herd or flock to prevent the spread of infection.

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